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Entreprendre à l’international. L’écueil du droit français relatif au « travail dissimulé »

Dans le monde contemporain de l’entrepreneuriat international, un nombre croissant de commerçants, qui planifient leur activité au vu des normes posées par le droit des affaires, sans souhaiter embaucher de salariés en France (et, par conséquent, sans se soucier des normes légales propres au droit français du travail), se trouvent pris au piège d’une réglementation qu’ils pensent, de prime abord, ne pas avoir à prendre en compte.

Par Liliana Bakayoko, Avocat, Président de l’AAF

Septembre 2019

La notion de « travail dissimulé » prête habituellement à confusion parmi les non juristes, au point qu’un nombre important d’entrepreneurs concernés considèrent à tort qu’elle ne peut trouver, par essence, matière à s’appliquer qu’à des situations substantiellement très différentes des leurs : dans l’esprit du justiciable non averti, le « travail dissimulé » évoque l’hypothèse relativement marginalisée dans laquelle un employeur fait travailler clandestinement un salarié, pour pouvoir l’exploiter sans avoir à payer de charges sociales. Régi par le Code du travail (art. L. 8221-1 s.), le « travail dissimulé » semble en effet, de prime abord, ne devoir concerner que les personnes qui sont censées être liées par un contrat de travail. Or, il s’agit en réalité d’une notion englobant un nombre hétéroclite d’hypothèses de manquement à des obligations d’officialisation assortissant une activité économique, dont la plupart ne relèvent aucunement du droit du travail proprement dit (lequel régit les relations entre employeur et salarié) : le travail dissimulé recouvre non seulement l’hypothèse où un employeur omet intentionnellement de remplir des obligations déclaratives ou des obligations de délivrance de documents liés à un contrat de travail, mais aussi toutes les hypothèses dans lesquelles une personne exerce une activité économique en se soustrayant intentionnellement à certaines de ses obligations d’officialisation, telles l’obligation de demander son immatriculation au registre du commerce et des sociétés ou au répertoire des métiers, l’obligation d’effectuer des déclarations fiscales ou sociales, ou l’obligation de ne pas se prévaloir de manière illégitime des dispositions relatives au détachement de salariés.

L’exigence du caractère intentionnel de la commission de l’infraction ne constitue qu’un rempart relatif face à la répression, en la matière, car la caractérisation du caractère intentionnel de la dissimulation relève de l’appréciation souveraine des juges du fond (Cass. Soc. 14 octobre 2015, n° 14-12.193). Qui plus est, même en l’absence d’élément intentionnel, la personne qui enfreint les normes visées par la réglementation relative au travail dissimulé peut être condamnée pour fraude fiscale, fraude aux déclarations sociales ou violation des règles relatives à l’immatriculation au registre du commerce et des sociétés, ou au répertoire des métiers.

La gravité des sanctions encourues aurait dû inciter le législateur à rendre la matière plus abordable, de manière à éviter aux justiciables les surprises liées à la transgression, par manque d’information, d’une réglementation « dissimulée » de manière inappropriée au sein, pour l’essentiel, du seul Code du travail : le travail dissimulé est un délit, réprimé principalement par des peines d’emprisonnement et d’amende ; les peines complémentaires encourues incluent l’interdiction d’exercer une activité professionnelle et/ou une profession commerciale ou industrielle, l’interdiction des droits civiques, civils et de famille, ainsi que (pour les étrangers) l’interdiction du territoire français pour une durée de cinq ans au plus.

En réalité, en complément à la rationalisation de l’ampleur de la répression (par instauration d’une exigence d’établissement du caractère intentionnel de la dissimulation), il aurait mieux valu aussi cibler sur une tactique de prévention accentuée, impliquant une meilleure accessibilité (et, par-delà, une meilleure intelligibilité) de la réglementation, en ce domaine : dans la pratique, du point de vue de l’entrepreneuriat international, la répression du travail dissimulé concerne davantage le droit des affaires que le droit du travail.

Le problème du manque de correspondance entre le positionnement de la réglementation de base, en la matière (incorporée au Code du travail), et les réalités existentielles qu’elle est censée régir croît au fil des ans, pour deux raisons : d’une part, cette réglementation ne fait que s’étoffer avec le temps, en englobant de nouvelles hypothèses d’activités économiques non directement liées au droit du travail proprement dit ; d’autre part – en parallèle – sous l’impulsion du phénomène de mondialisation économique (emportant multiplication des échanges et des interactions humaines), la répression du travail dissimulé prend de plus en plus souvent de court un nombre croissant des justiciables, qui entreprennent à l’international. Elle pèse comme une épée de Damoclès, « dissimulée » au sein de la réglementation spéciale du droit du travail, aussi bien sur les personnes qui entreprennent à l’étranger, depuis la France (I.), que sur celles qui entreprennent en France, depuis l’étranger (II.).

 

I. L’écueil du « travail dissimulé » en cas d’entrepreneuriat à l’étranger, depuis la France

Les personnes qui entreprennent à l’étranger depuis la France considèrent souvent que le droit français relatif au travail dissimulé ne peut trouver matière à s’appliquer à leur activité exercée à l’étranger, pour la simple raison que cette activité n’est, justement, pas exercée en France. Une telle erreur se révèle parfois être lourde de conséquences.

Parmi les multiples hypothèses rencontrées dans la pratique, pouvant donner matière à condamnation pour travail dissimulé, il convient de relever celles dans lesquelles une société immatriculée en France, qui crée une filiale dans un autre État membre de l’Union européenne, sélectionne, soit un gérant (A.), soit un prestataire de services (B.), censé œuvrer auprès de cette dernière.

 

A. La société immatriculée en France qui sélectionne un gérant pour sa filiale établie à l’étranger : possible hypothèse de complicité de travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’emploi salarié

Les entreprises françaises ayant une activité internationale sont souvent amenées à constituer des filiales dans d’autres États membres de l’Union européenne. Il n’est pas rare qu’au stade de la sélection du gérant d’une telle filiale, la société mère établie en France choisisse de faire nommer un de ses salariés en tant que gérant de la filiale étrangère : elle s’assure ainsi un double contrôle de l’activité de sa filiale, étant à la fois associé majoritaire (ou associé unique) de cette dernière, et employeur (en France) de son gérant.

En raison du contrat de travail qui le lie à la société mère, le gérant de la filiale étrangère continue habituellement à résider en France. Il y déclare ses revenus perçus à l’étranger en tant que gérant, et il paie l’ensemble de ses impôts en France.

Pour sa part, la filiale immatriculée à l’étranger y déclare habituellement le contrat de gestion et paie sur place les charges sociales correspondantes.

Pourtant, cette filiale étrangère est, en réalité, soumise à des obligations de déclaration et de versement de cotisations et de contributions en vertu de la loi française : en application de l’art. 13, al. 1, p. a) du Règlement (CE) n° 883/2004 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 29 avril 2004 portant sur la coordination des systèmes de sécurité sociale, c’est la législation française qui doit régir les questions relatives au paiement des cotisations sociales dues au titre du contrat de gestion conclu entre le salarié de la société mère (en tant que gérant) et la filiale établie à l’étranger. Il en va ainsi indépendamment du point de savoir si la filiale étrangère possède un établissement stable en France ou non (compte tenu du fait que le gérant de la filiale étrangère réside en France, l’hypothèse de fraude à l’établissement pourrait d’ailleurs aussi être caractérisée, en la matière).

En cas de non-respect des obligations déclaratives imposées en France à la filiale étrangère, la condamnation pour travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’emploi salarié (ou, pour le moins (en cas de dissimulation non intentionnelle) pour fraude aux déclarations sociales) devient possible : le gérant de la filiale étrangère devrait être assimilé à un gérant salarié, car il est salarié de la société mère, qui détient le contrôle majoritaire de la filiale étrangère (ceci le place dans un lien de subordination avec la filiale étrangère). Le risque éventuel de condamnation, cette fois-ci pour complicité de travail dissimulé (ou, pour le moins, pour complicité de fraude aux déclarations sociales), s’étend aussi sur la société mère établie en France (celle-ci ayant été à l’origine de la conclusion du contrat de gestion entre sa filiale étrangère et son employé résidant en France).

La sélection par la société mère d’un prestataire de services censé intervenir auprès de la filiale étrangère emporte, pour sa part, des risques de condamnation pour travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’activité.

B. La société immatriculée en France qui sélectionne un prestataire de services pour sa filiale établie à l’étranger : possible hypothèse de complicité de travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’activité

Pour les besoins de la formation continue du personnel de la filiale étrangère ou, plus généralement, par souci d’harmonisation de certaines méthodes de travail au sein d’un même groupe de sociétés, les entreprises françaises sont souvent amenées à faire conclure des contrats de prestation de services entre un ou plusieurs de leurs salariés et leurs filiales étrangères. En raison du contrat de travail qui le lie à la société mère, le prestataire de services continue habituellement à résider en France, ne se déplaçant qu’occasionnellement dans le pays d’immatriculation de la filiale étrangère. Il déclare en France ses revenus perçus à l’étranger en tant que prestataire de services, et il paie l’ensemble de ses impôts en France.

Pourtant, ce prestataire de services missionné par la société mère auprès de la filiale étrangère est, en réalité, soumis à des obligations de déclaration et de versement de cotisations en vertu de la loi française : en application de l’art. 13, al. 3 du Règlement (CE) n° 883/2004 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 29 avril 2004 portant sur la coordination des systèmes de sécurité sociale, c’est la législation française qui doit régir les questions relatives au paiement des cotisations sociales dues au titre du contrat de prestations de services conclu entre le salarié de la société mère (en tant que prestataire) et la filiale établie à l’étranger. Il y a plus : en droit français, l’activité exercée par le prestataire de services auprès de la filiale étrangère présente les caractéristiques d’une activité libérale indépendante. Cette activité étant cumulée avec un emploi salarié au sein de la société mère, les cotisations sont en principe dues, en France, au titre des deux régimes de protection sociale. En ce qui concerne la retraite, la double affiliation, en France, est également obligatoire, ainsi que le versement de cotisations auprès des deux régimes correspondants.

Par ailleurs, comme le prestataire exerce son activité au titre du contrat de prestations de services en son nom propre, en droit français il revêt la qualité d’entrepreneur individuel. Si son chiffre d’affaires annuel ne dépasse pas, pour une année civile complète, le plafond de 70 000 €, il peut opter pour le statut de la micro-entreprise (dénommée aussi auto-entreprise). Il s’agit alors d’une activité annexe d’auto entreprise, exercée en complément au statut de salarié au sein de la société mère. Il doit déclarer cette activité d’auto-entrepreneur auprès du Centre de Formalité des entreprises. Il doit aussi déclarer son chiffre d’affaires, soit mensuellement, soit trimestriellement (selon l’option choisie). Si le plafond de 70 000 € de chiffre d’affaires est dépassé pour deux années consécutives, le prestataire passe au régime de l’entreprise individuelle (si le plafond est dépassé dès la première année d’activité, le calcul du chiffre d’affaires est effectué prorata temporis – en fonction de la date de création de l’entreprise -).

En cas de non-respect des obligations déclaratives posées par le droit français, la condamnation pour travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’activité (ou, pour le moins (en cas de dissimulation non intentionnelle) pour fraude aux déclarations sociales, ou fraude fiscale) devient possible. Le risque éventuel de condamnation, pour complicité de travail dissimulé (ou, pour le moins, pour complicité de fraude aux déclarations sociales, ou complicité de fraude fiscale), s’étend aussi sur la société mère établie en France (celle-ci ayant été à l’origine de la conclusion du contrat de prestations de services entre sa filiale étrangère et son employé résidant en France).

A l’instar de leurs homologues établis en France, les personnes qui entreprennent en France depuis l’étranger doivent aussi veiller, de manière particulière, à ne pas enfreindre les normes relatives au travail dissimulé.

 

II. L’écueil du « travail dissimulé » en cas d’entrepreneuriat en France, depuis l’étranger

Les entrepreneurs étrangers qui exercent une activité en France sont parfois d’autant plus surpris par la réglementation relative au travail dissimulé qu’ils interprètent cette notion de manière littérale, au vu du sens strict de la signification, en langue française, des mots qui la composent. Les avocats spécialisés sont habitués à cette réalité du terrain, qui implique que, dans l’esprit de la plupart des entrepreneurs étrangers, le fait d’avoir déclaré leur activité en France devrait exclure, pour ce qui les concerne, toute hypothèse possible de travail dissimulé : pour l’étranger non averti, l’officialisation quelconque de l’activité exclut, par définition même, la « dissimulation ». Cette erreur d’acception mène souvent à un engrenage de problèmes multiples, tels ceux résultant de l’hypothèse où, après réception d’une lettre d’avertissement de l’administration française, qui le somme de mettre fin à une situation qualifiée par l’autorité publique comme correspondant à un cas de travail dissimulé, l’intéressé – parfois, en toute bonne foi – considère qu’il y a manifestement erreur, au point qu’il refuse d’obtempérer, sans même se donner la peine de consulter un avocat. Ce refus de régularisation de la situation (parfois commis par simple mécompréhension d’une notion qui, il est vrai, porte relativement mal son nom) peut par la suite servir d’élément de preuve du caractère intentionnel de la « dissimulation », bouclant ainsi la boucle du travail dissimulé assorti de condamnations pénales.

En réalité, pour éviter d’être condamné pour travail dissimulé, l’entrepreneur étranger (tout comme son homologue français) ne peut se contenter de déclarer de manière quelconque son activité économique exercée en France : il doit procéder avec minutie aux déclarations requises par la loi française. Parmi les multiples hypothèses pouvant poser problème, pour cause (pour le moins) de manque de minutie, en la matière, il convient de considérer de plus près le cas où la caractérisation de l’infraction de travail dissimulé résulte de l’application des règles générales de rattachement territorial régissant l’imposition des bénéfices (A.) et celui où l’infraction est déduite de l’application des normes spéciales propres au détachement de salariés (B.).

A. Le travail dissimulé caractérisé sur fond d’application des règles générales de rattachement territorial, aux fins d’imposition de bénéfices

Parmi les notions juridiques qui font office de critères de rattachement territorial aux fins d’imposition de bénéfices, les notions d’« exploitation », d’« établissement stable » et de « siège de direction effective » sont les plus usitées. Définie par le Conseil d’État, pour les cas où aucune convention internationale relative aux doubles impositions ne trouverait matière à s’appliquer, la notion d’entreprise exploitée en France permet d’imposer en France tout profit résultant de l’exercice habituel, sur le territoire français, d’une activité qui constitue l’aboutissement d’opérations formant un cycle commercial complet, ou d’une activité qui est exercée, soit dans le cadre d’un établissement autonome, soit – à défaut – par l’intermédiaire d’un représentant sans personnalité professionnelle indépendante. Utilisée dans les conventions internationales signées par la France, la notion d’établissement stable est, pour sa part, définie, entre autres, par l’art. 5 de la convention modèle OCDE comme correspondant à une installation fixe d’affaire, par l’intermédiaire de laquelle une entreprise exerce tout ou partie de son activité. Elle permet aussi d’imposer en France les profits résultant d’une activité initialement présentée à tort par les intéressés comme étant exercée à l’étranger. Quant à la notion de siège de direction effective, elle est utilisée par la jurisprudence française aux fins d’imposition en France de sociétés étrangères fictives : selon le Conseil d’État, le siège de direction effective est le « lieu où les personnes exerçant les fonctions les plus élevées prennent les décisions stratégiques qui déterminent la conduite des affaires de cette entreprise dans son ensemble » (Conseil d’État, 10ème et 9ème ssr, 16/04/2012, 323592).

Ainsi, un représentant permanent envoyé en France, un dirigeant social résidant en France, un chantier de construction situé en France ou la réalisation d’opérations d’achat et de revente en France constituent autant d’exemples possibles d’application des critères de rattachement d’une entreprise étrangère au territoire français, aux fins d’imposition.

Par-delà même du rattachement territorial, il s’agit aussi d’autant de fondements possibles d’assujettissement d’entreprises étrangères à des obligations déclaratives et/ou à des obligations d’immatriculation en France. Comme les manquements à ces obligations peuvent être qualifiés de « dissimulations » (au sens des art. L. 8221-1 s. du Code du travail), les notions d’exploitation, d’établissement stable et de siège de direction effective peuvent aussi faire office d’éléments de caractérisation d’infractions de travail dissimulé, faisant encourir des condamnations pénales correspondantes.

Lorsqu’une entreprise étrangère pratique le détachement de salariés en France, le recours aux critères traditionnels de rattachement territorial n’est parfois même plus nécessaire pour emporter une condamnation pour travail dissimulé.

 

A. Le travail dissimulé caractérisé sur fond d’application des règles générales de rattachement territorial, aux fins d’imposition de bénéfices

La loi dite « Avenir professionnel » (loi n° 2018-771 du 5 septembre 2018) a instauré une nouvelle hypothèse de travail dissimulé, désormais consacrée au 3° de l’art. L. 8221-3 du Code de travail : est réputé travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’activité l’exercice d’une activité économique par une personne qui, se soustrayant intentionnellement à ses obligations, « s’est prévalue des dispositions applicables au détachement de salariés lorsque l’employeur de ces derniers exerce dans l’Etat sur le territoire duquel il est établi des activités relevant uniquement de la gestion interne ou administrative, ou lorsque son activité est réalisée sur le territoire national de façon habituelle, stable et continue ».

Ainsi, l’entrepreneur établi à l’étranger qui détache des salariés en France, mais qui n’exerce dans son État d’établissement aucune activité de production, de transformation, de réparation ou de prestation de services, ou n’y accomplit aucun acte de commerce à titre habituel, peut être poursuivi pour travail dissimulé. Il en va de même de l’entrepreneur établi à l’étranger qui détache des salariés en France, tout en réalisant de façon habituelle, stable et continue une activité sur le territoire français.

Les agences d’intérim immatriculées à l’étranger qui recourent régulièrement au détachement de salariés en France font partie des personnes visées par cette nouvelle réglementation répressive. Les entreprises utilisatrices établies en France encourent d’ailleurs également les mêmes peines, car en vertu des art. L. 8221-1, 3° et L. 8224-1 s. du Code du travail, les sanctions applicables au travail dissimulé s’étendent à ceux qui recourent « sciemment, directement ou par personne interposée, aux services de celui qui exerce un travail dissimulé ».

 

Conclusion

Contrôles croisés de l’Inspection du travail, de la Direction générale des finances publiques, de l’URSSAF et des Directions régionales des entreprises, de la concurrence, de la consommation et de l’emploi, interventions du préfet, en tant que chef de service auprès du Service interministériel d’animation des politiques publiques… en amont même de l’épée de Damoclès de la condamnation pénale, la suspicion d’une transgression des normes du Code du travail régissant le travail dissimulé est de nature à désorganiser en soi l’activité entière d’une entreprise, obligeant celle-ci à des restructurations globales, voire à une cessation complète d’activité.

La résolution du problème lié au manque de correspondance entre le positionnement formel de la réglementation de base, en la matière (centrée sur le Code du travail), et les réalités existentielles qu’elle aspire à régir devrait impliquer un meilleur recentrage des dispositions légales sur le droit des affaires, par incorporation appropriée au Code de commerce – pour le moins sous forme de législation par référence -. Elle devrait aussi impliquer une rationalisation au niveau de la conceptualisation même des réalités appréhendées : le concept d’ « activité économique non déclarée » pourrait en effet remplacer avantageusement celui de « travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’activité » (la notion de « travail dissimulé » devant voir son domaine réduit à la seule hypothèse dite du « travail dissimulé par dissimulation d’emploi salarié »). De tels changements seraient profitables non seulement aux entrepreneurs concernés, mais aussi à la société dans son ensemble : l’amélioration de l’accessibilité et de l’intelligibilité de la réglementation répressive emporte en effet amplification de son effet dissuasif et, par là-même, réduction du nombre d’infractions, et du nombre d’hypothèses pouvant donner matière à des suspicions d’infractions ; elle induit ainsi également une baisse du nombre de contrôles. Une telle amélioration normative pourrait contribuer de manière non négligeable à la réduction des dépenses publiques.

Dans tous les cas, et surtout en l’absence de réglementation plus abordable, le recours à un avocat avisé, au stade de la planification même de l’activité d’entrepreneuriat international, est de nature à éviter bien des problèmes.

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The site uses JavaScript technology.
The site cannot be held responsible for any material damage linked to the use of the site. In addition, the User undertakes to access the site using recent, virus-free hardware and with an up-to-date, latest-generation browser. The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ is hosted by a service provider in the European Union in compliance with the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD: n° 2016-679).
The aim is to provide a service that ensures the best rate of accessibility. The host ensures continuity of service 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Nevertheless, the Publisher reserves the right to interrupt the hosting service for the shortest possible time, in particular for maintenance purposes, to improve its infrastructures, in the event of infrastructure failure or if the Services generate traffic deemed abnormal.
The Publisher and the Hosting Company may not be held liable in the event of malfunction of the Internet network, telephone lines or computer and telephony equipment, in particular due to network congestion preventing access to the server.

4. Intellectual property and counterfeiting

Maître Liliana Bakayoko is the owner of the intellectual property rights and holds the rights of use on all the elements accessible on the website, notably texts, images, graphics, logos, videos, icons and sounds.
Any reproduction, representation, modification, publication, adaptation of all or part of the elements of the site, whatever the means or process used, is prohibited, except with the prior written authorization of Maître Liliana Bakayoko.
Any unauthorized use of the site or of any of the elements it contains will be considered as constituting an infringement and will be prosecuted in accordance with the provisions of articles L.335-2 et seq. of the French Intellectual Property Code.

5. Limitation of liability

As Editor of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ Maître Liliana Bakayoko is responsible for the quality and accuracy of the Content she publishes.
The Editor cannot be held responsible for direct or indirect damage caused to the User’s equipment when accessing the website, and resulting either from the use of equipment that does not meet the specifications indicated in point 3, or from the appearance of a bug or incompatibility.
The Editor cannot be held responsible for indirect damage (e.g. loss of market or opportunity) resulting from use of the site. Interactive areas (possibility to ask questions in the contact area) are available to Users. The Editor reserves the right to delete, without prior notice, any content posted in this space that contravenes the legislation applicable in France, in particular provisions relating to data protection. Where applicable, the Editor also reserves the right to hold the User civilly and/or criminally liable, particularly in the event of messages of a racist, insulting, defamatory or pornographic nature, whatever the medium used (text, photographs, etc.).

6. Personal data management

The Customer and the User are informed of the regulations concerning marketing communications, the law of June 21, 2014 for confidence in the Digital Economy, the Data Protection Act of August 6, 2004 as well as the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD: n° 2016-679).

6.1 Person responsible for the collection of personal data

For the Personal Data collected within the framework of the validation of form and navigation on the site, the person in charge of the treatment of the Personal Data is: Maître Liliana Bakayoko.
The legal representative of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ is [ID]
As the party responsible for processing the data it collects, the Publisher undertakes to comply with the legal provisions in force. In particular, it must establish the purposes of its data processing operations, provide its prospects and customers with full information on the processing of their personal data, once their consent has been obtained, and maintain an accurate data processing register. Whenever the Publisher processes Personal Data via the site https://www.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ site, it takes all reasonable steps to ensure that the Personal Data is accurate and relevant to the purposes for which it is processed.

6.2 Type, processing and purpose of data collected

Maître Liliana Bakayoko may process some or all of the following data, some of which are essential for the proper functioning of the online services offered on the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ :

  • Connection, browsing and site usage data
    Processing: to enable and/or improve site browsing, establish audience statistics, measure the return on investment
    of marketing acquisition campaigns.
  • Identity and/or personal data (title, first and last name, age, weight, description of a personal/professional situation or problem)
  • Processing: answer a question, provide a quote, book an appointment online, receive an emergency callback, etc.
  • Technical data on the hardware used for browsing, IP address, login and password (hashed) for connection to a secure area
  • Processing:Secure communications with or from the site, prevent and combat computer fraud (spamming, hacking, etc.).
  • Contact data such as telephone and/or mobile numbers, e-mail address
  • Processing: loyalty marketing campaigns by e-mail or SMS.
  • Geographical data of the postal address type
  • Processing: Display a position, define an intervention zone or calculate a route between two locations.
  • Voice data (audio recordings)
  • Processing:save a message on an answering machine in the event of absence or unavailability of a telephone line or switchboard, so that the person concerned can call back.
  • Financial data relating to quotations, orders and sales made via the site
  • Processing: to manage and ensure the traceability of services ordered by Users.

All data is kept for a maximum period of 12 months after collection or termination of the contractual relationship between the User and the Publisher.
Maître Liliana Bakayoko does not market Personal Data, which is only used by necessity, with regard to the processing described above and occasionally, for global statistical analysis purposes.

6.3 Right of access, rectification and opposition

In accordance with current European regulations, Users of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ have the following rights:

  • Right of access (Article 15 RGPD) and rectification (Article 16 RGPD), updating, completeness of Users’ data, right to block or delete Users’ personal data (Article 17 RGPD), when they are inaccurate, incomplete, equivocal, outdated, or whose collection, use, communication or storage is prohibited
  • Right to withdraw consent at any time (article 13-2c RGPD)
  • Right to limit the processing of Users’ data (Article 18 RGPD).
  • Right to object to the processing of Users’ data (Article 21 RGPD).
  • Right to portability of data provided by Users, where such data is subject to automated processing based on their consent or on a contract (Article 20 RGPD)
  • The right to define what happens to Users’ data after their death, and to choose to whom the Publisher shall communicate (or not) their data to a third party designated by the Publisher.

As soon as the Publisher becomes aware of a User’s death, and in the absence of any instructions from the User, the Publisher undertakes to destroy the User’s data, unless it is necessary to keep such data for evidential purposes or in order to comply with a legal obligation.
If the User wishes to know how the Publisher uses his/her Personal Data, to ask for them to be rectified or to object to their processing, he/she may contact the Data Protection Officer (DPO) in writing at the following address:
Liliana Bakayoko – DPO – France [ID] 11 Boulevard de Sébastopol, 75001 Paris
In his letter, the User must indicate the Personal Data he wishes to correct, update or delete, identifying himself precisely with a copy of an identity document (identity card or passport).
Requests for the deletion of Personal Data will be subject to the obligations imposed by law, particularly with regard to the retention or archiving of documents. Finally, Users may lodge a complaint with the supervisory authorities, in particular the CNIL (https://www.cnil.fr/fr/plaintes).

6.4 Non-disclosure of personal data

The Publisher will not process, host or transfer the Information collected about its Customers to a country outside the European Union or recognized as “non-adequate” by the European Commission without first informing the Customer. For all that, it remains free to choose its technical and commercial subcontractors on condition that they present sufficient guarantees with regard to the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR: no. 2016-679).
The Publisher undertakes to take all necessary precautions to preserve the security of the Information and in particular to ensure that it is not communicated to unauthorized persons. However, if the Publisher becomes aware of an incident affecting the integrity or confidentiality of the Customer’s Information, it shall inform the Customer as soon as possible and inform the Customer of the corrective measures taken. Furthermore, the site does not collect any “sensitive data”.
The User’s Personal Data may be processed by subsidiaries of the Publisher and subcontractors (service providers), exclusively in order to achieve the purposes of the present policy.
Within the limits of their respective attributions and for the purposes recalled above, the main persons likely to have access to the data of the Users of the site are https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ are mainly those working in the management, administrative and sales departments.

Incident notification

Despite our best efforts, no method of transmission over the Internet and no method of electronic storage is completely secure. Consequently, the Publisher cannot guarantee absolute security. If it becomes aware of a security breach, it will notify the Users concerned so that they can take the appropriate measures. Incident notification procedures take account of legal obligations, whether at national or European level. The Publisher undertakes to fully inform customers of all issues relating to the security of their data and to provide them with all the information necessary to help them comply with their own regulatory reporting obligations.
No personal information of the User is published without his or her knowledge, exchanged, transferred or sold on any medium whatsoever.
Only the purchase of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ and its rights would allow the transmission of said information to the eventual purchaser who would, in turn, be bound by the same obligation of conservation and modification of data with respect to the User of the site.

Security

To ensure the security and confidentiality of Personal Data, the Editor and the site host use networks secured by standard devices such as firewalls, pseudonymization, encryption and password protection.
When processing Personal Data, Maître Liliana Bakayoko takes all reasonable measures to protect them against loss, misuse, unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration or destruction.

8. Hypertext links, cookies and Internet tags

The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ may contain a number of hypertext links to other sites. However, the Editor is not able to check the content of sites visited in this way, and consequently assumes no responsibility in this respect.

8.1. “COOKIES

A “Cookie” is a small data file sent to the User’s browser and stored on the User’s terminal (computer, tablet, cell phone).
This file includes information such as the User’s domain name, the User’s Internet service provider, the User’s operating system, and the date and time of access. Cookies are in no way likely to damage the User’s terminal.
The Editor may process information concerning the User’s visit to the site, such as pages consulted and searches carried out.
This information is used to improve the content of the site and the User’s browsing experience.
Since cookies facilitate browsing and/or the provision of services offered by the site, the User may configure his or her browser to allow him or her to decide whether or not to accept them, so that cookies are stored on the terminal or, on the contrary, are rejected, either systematically or depending on the sender. Users may also configure their browsers so that they are prompted to accept or reject Cookies from time to time, before a Cookie is stored on their terminal. The Publisher hereby informs the User that, in this case, not all the functionalities of his/her browser software may be available.
If the User refuses to accept Cookies on his/her terminal or browser, or if the User deletes Cookies stored on his/her terminal or browser, the User is informed that his/her browsing and experience on the site may be limited.
This may also be the case when the site or one of its service providers cannot recognize, for technical compatibility purposes, the type of browser used by the terminal, the language and display settings or the country from which the terminal appears to be connected to the Internet.
Where applicable, the Editor declines all responsibility for the consequences linked to the degraded operation of the site and any services offered, resulting either from the User’s refusal of Cookies or from the impossibility for the site to record or consult the Cookies necessary for their operation due to the User’s choice. Each browser is configured differently to manage cookies and user choices. It is described in the browser’s help menu, which will show how the User can modify his or her Cookie preferences.
At any time, the User may choose to express and modify his or her wishes with regard to Cookies. The Publisher may also use the services of external service providers to help it collect and process the information described in this section.
Finally, by clicking on the icons dedicated to social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google Plus on the site, and if the User accepts the deposit of Cookies by continuing his/her navigation on the site or mobile application of these same networks, then the latter may also deposit Cookies on his/her terminal.
These types of Cookies are only deposited with prior consent, in particular by continuing to browse the site or mobile application. At any time, they can withdraw their consent to prevent the deposit of cookies in the future.
The site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ uses Google Analytics, a web analysis service provided by Google Inc.
(“Google”).
Google Analytics uses Cookies to help the site and its Publisher to analyze its use and its audience according to the terminals used.
The data generated by the Cookies concerning the use of the site (including the IP address of the visitors) will be transmitted and stored by Google on servers located in the United States.
Google will use this information for the purpose of evaluating your use of the website, compiling reports on website activity for the website operator and providing other services relating to website activity and internet usage.
Google may also transfer this information to third parties where required to do so by law, or where such third parties process the information on Google’s behalf, including in particular the website operator.
Google will not associate the IP addresses collected with any other data held by Google.
You may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser, however please note that if you do this you may not be able to use the full functionality of this website.
However, such deactivation may prevent the use of certain functions of the site.
By browsing the site, the User expressly consents to the processing of data about him/her by Google in the manner and for the purposes set out above.
How do I disable/delete cookies?

  • Instructions for Chrome Chrome (https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=fr)
  • Firefox instructions (https://support.mozilla.org/fr/kb/activer-desactiver-cookies)
  • Instructions for Internet Explorer / Edge (https://support.microsoft.com/fr-fr/help/17442/windows-internet-explorer-delete-manage-cookies)
  • Safari (Mac) instructions (https://support.apple.com/kb/PH21411?locale=fr_FR)

Other browsers: please refer to the online help of the browser in question.

8.2. INTERNET TAGS

The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ may occasionally use Internet tags (also known as “tags”, action tags, single-pixel GIFs, clear GIFs, invisible GIFs and one-to-one GIFs) and deploy them through a web analytics partner that may be located (and therefore store related information, including the User’s IP address) in a foreign country.
These beacons are placed both in the online advertisements enabling users to access the site, and on the various pages of the site.
This technology makes it possible to evaluate Internet users’ responses to the site and the effectiveness of its actions (for example, the number of times a page is opened and the information consulted), as well as the use of this site by the User.
The external service provider may collect information on Users of the site and other external sites through these tags, compile reports on site activity, and provide other services relating to the use of the site and the Internet in general.

9. Applicable law and jurisdiction

Any dispute relating to the use of the site is subject to French law . Except in cases where the law does not allow it, exclusive jurisdiction is granted to the competent courts of Paris .

Dispute resolution

Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats :
In the event of a dispute relating to the practice of the legal profession, you may contact the Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris at the following address:
Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris
11, place Dauphine
75001 Paris
Telephone: 01 44 32 47 48

Consumer mediation:
In accordance with Articles L. 612-1 et seq. of the French Consumer Code, in the event of a dispute with a lawyer, you may have free recourse to the Consumer Mediator, whose contact details are as follows:

Médiateur national de la consommation de la profession d’avocat
Address: CNB, 180 boulevard Haussmann, 75008 Paris
Website: https: //mediateur-consommation-avocat.fr

Online dispute resolution:
Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No. 524/2013, the European Commission has set up an online dispute resolution platform, facilitating the out-of-court settlement of disputes between consumers and professionals in the European Union.
This platform can be accessed at the following address: https: //ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr.

LEGAL INFORMATION

Pursuant to Article 6 of Law No. 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 for confidence in the digital economy, users of the website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ the identity of the various parties involved in its creation and follow-up:
Master Liliana Bakayoko
FJ: Member of the Paris Bar, Sole trader
SIREN : 452740327 – 11 Boulevard de Sébastopol 75001 Paris
Publication manager : [ID] – 06 03 71 96 82
Data protection officer [ID] – liliana.bakayoko[@]gmail.com
Webmaster : B-forbiz – 4 rue Emile Baudot 91120 Palaiseau – Phone : 01 84 18 04 02
Hosting : SuperHosting – support@superhosting.bg – 36 Boulevard G.M. Dimitrov, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria

Dispute resolution

Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats :
In the event of a dispute relating to the practice of the legal profession, you may contact the Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris at the following address:
Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris
11, place Dauphine
75001 Paris
Telephone: 01 44 32 47 48

Consumer mediation:
In accordance with Articles L. 612-1 et seq. of the French Consumer Code, in the event of a dispute with a lawyer, you may have free recourse to the Consumer Mediator, whose contact details are as follows:

National Consumer Mediator for the Legal Profession
Address: CNB, 180 boulevard Haussmann, 75008 Paris
Website: https: //mediateur-consommation-avocat.fr

Online dispute resolution:
Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No. 524/2013, the European Commission has set up an online dispute resolution platform, facilitating the out-of-court settlement of disputes between consumers and professionals in the European Union. This platform can be accessed at the following address: https: //ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr.

Personal data protection

In accordance with the French Data Protection Act of January 6, 1978, as amended, and the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD), you have the right to access, rectify, delete, limit and object to the processing of your personal data. You can exercise these rights by contacting:
Lawyer’s name: Liliana Bakayoko
E-mail: liliana.bakayoko@gmail.com

Privacy policy

Definitions

Customer: Any professional or capable natural person within the meaning of articles 1123 et seq. of the French Civil Code, or legal entity, who visits the site covered by these general terms and conditions.
Editor: Maître Liliana Bakayoko, website owner https://www.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ .
Content: All the elements making up the information on the site, in particular text – images – videos.
Customer information: Hereinafter referred to as “Information (s)” which correspond to all personal data that may be held by the Publisher for the management of your account, customer relationship management and for analysis and statistical purposes.
User: Internet user who uses the above-mentioned site and who, as a result, generates data that may be used by the Publisher, subject to prior agreement or logical consent.
Personal information: “Information that allows, in any form whatsoever, directly or not, the identification of the natural persons to whom it applies” (Article 4 of Law No. 78-17 of January 6, 1978).
The terms “personal data”, “data subject”, “processor” and “sensitive data” have the meaning defined by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR: No. 2016-679)

1. General terms and conditions of use of the site and the services offered

The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ constitutes an intellectual work protected by the provisions of the French Intellectual Property Code and applicable international regulations.
The customer may not in any way reuse, transfer or exploit for his own account all or part of the elements or works on the site.
Use of the site implies full acceptance of the general conditions of use described below.
These conditions of use may be amended or supplemented at any time; Users are therefore advised to consult them regularly.
The site is in principle accessible to Users at all times. However, the Editor may decide to interrupt the site for technical maintenance purposes. In such a case, the Editor will endeavor to inform Users of the dates and times of the intervention in advance. In the same way, the legal notices may be modified at any time: they are nevertheless binding on the User, who is invited to refer to them as often as possible in order to take cognizance of them.

2. Description of services provided

The purpose of this website is to provide information about the law firm’s activities. The Publisher strives to provide information that is as accurate as possible. However, it cannot be held responsible for any omissions, inaccuracies or omissions in the updating process, whether caused by itself or by third-party partners supplying the information.
All information provided on the site is given for information purposes only and is subject to change. Furthermore, the information provided is not exhaustive. They are subject to any changes that may have been made since they were put online.

3. Contractual limitations on technical data

The site uses JavaScript technology.
The site cannot be held responsible for any material damage linked to the use of the site. In addition, the User undertakes to access the site using recent, virus-free hardware and with an up-to-date, latest-generation browser. The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ is hosted by a service provider in the European Union in compliance with the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD: n° 2016-679).
The aim is to provide a service that ensures the best rate of accessibility. The host ensures continuity of service 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Nevertheless, the Publisher reserves the right to interrupt the hosting service for the shortest possible time, in particular for maintenance purposes, to improve its infrastructures, in the event of infrastructure failure or if the Services generate traffic deemed abnormal.
The Publisher and the Hosting Company may not be held liable in the event of malfunction of the Internet network, telephone lines or computer and telephony equipment, in particular due to network congestion preventing access to the server.

4. Intellectual property and counterfeiting

Maître Liliana Bakayoko is the owner of the intellectual property rights and holds the rights of use on all the elements accessible on the website, notably texts, images, graphics, logos, videos, icons and sounds.
Any reproduction, representation, modification, publication, adaptation of all or part of the elements of the site, whatever the means or process used, is prohibited, except with the prior written authorization of Maître Liliana Bakayoko.
Any unauthorized use of the site or of any of the elements it contains will be considered as constituting an infringement and will be prosecuted in accordance with the provisions of articles L.335-2 et seq. of the French Intellectual Property Code.

5. Limitation of liability

As Editor of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ Maître Liliana Bakayoko is responsible for the quality and accuracy of the Content she publishes.
The Editor cannot be held responsible for direct or indirect damage caused to the User’s equipment when accessing the website, and resulting either from the use of equipment that does not meet the specifications indicated in point 3, or from the appearance of a bug or incompatibility.
The Editor cannot be held responsible for indirect damage (e.g. loss of market or opportunity) resulting from use of the site. Interactive areas (possibility to ask questions in the contact area) are available to Users. The Editor reserves the right to delete, without prior notice, any content posted in this space that contravenes the legislation applicable in France, in particular provisions relating to data protection. Where applicable, the Editor also reserves the right to hold the User civilly and/or criminally liable, particularly in the event of messages of a racist, insulting, defamatory or pornographic nature, whatever the medium used (text, photographs, etc.).

6. Personal data management

The Customer and the User are informed of the regulations concerning marketing communications, the law of June 21, 2014 for confidence in the Digital Economy, the Data Protection Act of August 6, 2004 as well as the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD: n° 2016-679).

6.1 Person responsible for the collection of personal data

For the Personal Data collected within the framework of the validation of form and navigation on the site, the person in charge of the treatment of the Personal Data is: Maître Liliana Bakayoko.
The legal representative of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ is [ID]
As the party responsible for processing the data it collects, the Publisher undertakes to comply with the legal provisions in force. In particular, it must establish the purposes of its data processing operations, provide its prospects and customers with full information on the processing of their personal data, once their consent has been obtained, and maintain an accurate data processing register. Whenever the Publisher processes Personal Data via the site https://www.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ site, it takes all reasonable steps to ensure that the Personal Data is accurate and relevant to the purposes for which it is processed.

6.2 Type, processing and purpose of data collected

Maître Liliana Bakayoko may process some or all of the following data, some of which are essential for the proper functioning of the online services offered on the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ :

  • Connection, browsing and site usage data
    Processing: to enable and/or improve site browsing, establish audience statistics, measure the return on investment
    of marketing acquisition campaigns.
  • Identity and/or personal data (title, first and last name, age, weight, description of a personal/professional situation or problem)
  • Processing: answer a question, provide a quote, book an appointment online, receive an emergency callback, etc.
  • Technical data on the hardware used for browsing, IP address, login and password (hashed) for connection to a secure area
  • Processing:Secure communications with or from the site, prevent and combat computer fraud (spamming, hacking, etc.).
  • Contact data such as telephone and/or mobile numbers, e-mail address
  • Processing: loyalty marketing campaigns by e-mail or SMS.
  • Geographical data of the postal address type
  • Processing: Display a position, define an intervention zone or calculate a route between two locations.
  • Voice data (audio recordings)
  • Processing:save a message on an answering machine in the event of absence or unavailability of a telephone line or switchboard, so that the person concerned can call back.
  • Financial data relating to quotations, orders and sales made via the site
  • Processing: to manage and ensure the traceability of services ordered by Users.

All data is kept for a maximum period of 12 months after collection or termination of the contractual relationship between the User and the Publisher.
Maître Liliana Bakayoko does not market Personal Data, which is only used by necessity, with regard to the processing described above and occasionally, for global statistical analysis purposes.

6.3 Right of access, rectification and opposition

In accordance with current European regulations, Users of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ have the following rights:

  • Right of access (Article 15 RGPD) and rectification (Article 16 RGPD), updating, completeness of Users’ data, right to block or delete Users’ personal data (Article 17 RGPD), when they are inaccurate, incomplete, equivocal, outdated, or whose collection, use, communication or storage is prohibited
  • Right to withdraw consent at any time (article 13-2c RGPD)
  • Right to limit the processing of Users’ data (Article 18 RGPD).
  • Right to object to the processing of Users’ data (Article 21 RGPD).
  • Right to portability of data provided by Users, where such data is subject to automated processing based on their consent or on a contract (Article 20 RGPD)
  • The right to define what happens to Users’ data after their death, and to choose to whom the Publisher shall communicate (or not) their data to a third party designated by the Publisher.

As soon as the Publisher becomes aware of a User’s death, and in the absence of any instructions from the User, the Publisher undertakes to destroy the User’s data, unless it is necessary to keep such data for evidential purposes or in order to comply with a legal obligation.
If the User wishes to know how the Publisher uses his/her Personal Data, to ask for them to be rectified or to object to their processing, he/she may contact the Data Protection Officer (DPO) in writing at the following address:
Liliana Bakayoko – DPO – France [ID] 11 Boulevard de Sébastopol, 75001 Paris
In his letter, the User must indicate the Personal Data he wishes to correct, update or delete, identifying himself precisely with a copy of an identity document (identity card or passport).
Requests for the deletion of Personal Data will be subject to the obligations imposed by law, particularly with regard to the retention or archiving of documents. Finally, Users may lodge a complaint with the supervisory authorities, in particular the CNIL (https://www.cnil.fr/fr/plaintes).

6.4 Non-disclosure of personal data

The Publisher will not process, host or transfer the Information collected about its Customers to a country outside the European Union or recognized as “non-adequate” by the European Commission without first informing the Customer. For all that, it remains free to choose its technical and commercial subcontractors on condition that they present sufficient guarantees with regard to the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR: no. 2016-679).
The Publisher undertakes to take all necessary precautions to preserve the security of the Information and in particular to ensure that it is not communicated to unauthorized persons. However, if the Publisher becomes aware of an incident affecting the integrity or confidentiality of the Customer’s Information, it shall inform the Customer as soon as possible and inform the Customer of the corrective measures taken. Furthermore, the site does not collect any “sensitive data”.
The User’s Personal Data may be processed by subsidiaries of the Publisher and subcontractors (service providers), exclusively in order to achieve the purposes of the present policy.
Within the limits of their respective attributions and for the purposes recalled above, the main persons likely to have access to the data of the Users of the site are https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ are mainly those working in the management, administrative and sales departments.

Incident notification

Despite our best efforts, no method of transmission over the Internet and no method of electronic storage is completely secure. Consequently, the Publisher cannot guarantee absolute security. If it becomes aware of a security breach, it will notify the Users concerned so that they can take the appropriate measures. Incident notification procedures take account of legal obligations, whether at national or European level. The Publisher undertakes to fully inform customers of all issues relating to the security of their data and to provide them with all the information necessary to help them comply with their own regulatory reporting obligations.
No personal information of the User is published without his or her knowledge, exchanged, transferred or sold on any medium whatsoever.
Only the purchase of the site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ and its rights would allow the transmission of said information to the eventual purchaser who would, in turn, be bound by the same obligation of conservation and modification of data with respect to the User of the site.

Security

To ensure the security and confidentiality of Personal Data, the Editor and the site host use networks secured by standard devices such as firewalls, pseudonymization, encryption and password protection.
When processing Personal Data, Maître Liliana Bakayoko takes all reasonable measures to protect them against loss, misuse, unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration or destruction.

8. Hypertext links, cookies and Internet tags

The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ may contain a number of hypertext links to other sites. However, the Editor is not able to check the content of sites visited in this way, and consequently assumes no responsibility in this respect.

8.1. “COOKIES

A “Cookie” is a small data file sent to the User’s browser and stored on the User’s terminal (computer, tablet, cell phone).
This file includes information such as the User’s domain name, the User’s Internet service provider, the User’s operating system, and the date and time of access. Cookies are in no way likely to damage the User’s terminal.
The Editor may process information concerning the User’s visit to the site, such as pages consulted and searches carried out.
This information is used to improve the content of the site and the User’s browsing experience.
Since cookies facilitate browsing and/or the provision of services offered by the site, the User may configure his or her browser to allow him or her to decide whether or not to accept them, so that cookies are stored on the terminal or, on the contrary, are rejected, either systematically or depending on the sender. Users may also configure their browsers so that they are prompted to accept or reject Cookies from time to time, before a Cookie is stored on their terminal. The Publisher hereby informs the User that, in this case, not all the functionalities of his/her browser software may be available.
If the User refuses to accept Cookies on his/her terminal or browser, or if the User deletes Cookies stored on his/her terminal or browser, the User is informed that his/her browsing and experience on the site may be limited.
This may also be the case when the site or one of its service providers cannot recognize, for technical compatibility purposes, the type of browser used by the terminal, the language and display settings or the country from which the terminal appears to be connected to the Internet.
Where applicable, the Editor declines all responsibility for the consequences linked to the degraded operation of the site and any services offered, resulting either from the User’s refusal of Cookies or from the impossibility for the site to record or consult the Cookies necessary for their operation due to the User’s choice. Each browser is configured differently to manage cookies and user choices. It is described in the browser’s help menu, which will show how the User can modify his or her Cookie preferences.
At any time, the User may choose to express and modify his or her wishes with regard to Cookies. The Publisher may also use the services of external service providers to help it collect and process the information described in this section.
Finally, by clicking on the icons dedicated to social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google Plus on the site, and if the User accepts the deposit of Cookies by continuing his/her navigation on the site or mobile application of these same networks, then the latter may also deposit Cookies on his/her terminal.
These types of Cookies are only deposited with prior consent, in particular by continuing to browse the site or mobile application. At any time, they can withdraw their consent to prevent the deposit of cookies in the future.
The site https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ uses Google Analytics, a web analysis service provided by Google Inc.
(“Google”).
Google Analytics uses Cookies to help the site and its Publisher to analyze its use and its audience according to the terminals used.
The data generated by the Cookies concerning the use of the site (including the IP address of the visitors) will be transmitted and stored by Google on servers located in the United States.
Google will use this information for the purpose of evaluating your use of the website, compiling reports on website activity for the website operator and providing other services relating to website activity and internet usage.
Google may also transfer this information to third parties where required to do so by law, or where such third parties process the information on Google’s behalf, including in particular the website operator.
Google will not associate the IP addresses collected with any other data held by Google.
You may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser, however please note that if you do this you may not be able to use the full functionality of this website.
However, such deactivation may prevent the use of certain functions of the site.
By browsing the site, the User expressly consents to the processing of data about him/her by Google in the manner and for the purposes set out above.
How do I disable/delete cookies?

  • Instructions for Chrome Chrome (https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=fr)
  • Firefox instructions (https://support.mozilla.org/fr/kb/activer-desactiver-cookies)
  • Instructions for Internet Explorer / Edge (https://support.microsoft.com/fr-fr/help/17442/windows-internet-explorer-delete-manage-cookies)
  • Safari (Mac) instructions (https://support.apple.com/kb/PH21411?locale=fr_FR)

Other browsers: please refer to the online help of the browser in question.

8.2. INTERNET TAGS

The website https://www.droit-affaires.liliana-bakayoko-avocat.com/ may occasionally use Internet tags (also known as “tags”, action tags, single-pixel GIFs, clear GIFs, invisible GIFs and one-to-one GIFs) and deploy them through a web analytics partner that may be located (and therefore store related information, including the User’s IP address) in a foreign country.
These beacons are placed both in the online advertisements enabling users to access the site, and on the various pages of the site.
This technology makes it possible to evaluate Internet users’ responses to the site and the effectiveness of its actions (for example, the number of times a page is opened and the information consulted), as well as the use of this site by the User.
The external service provider may collect information on Users of the site and other external sites through these tags, compile reports on site activity, and provide other services relating to the use of the site and the Internet in general.

9. Applicable law and jurisdiction

Any dispute relating to the use of the site is subject to French law . Except in cases where the law does not allow it, exclusive jurisdiction is granted to the competent courts of Paris .

Dispute resolution

Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats :
In the event of a dispute relating to the practice of the legal profession, you may contact the Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris at the following address:
Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats de Paris
11, place Dauphine
75001 Paris
Telephone: 01 44 32 47 48

Consumer mediation:
In accordance with Articles L. 612-1 et seq. of the French Consumer Code, in the event of a dispute with a lawyer, you may have free recourse to the Consumer Mediator, whose contact details are as follows:

Médiateur national de la consommation de la profession d’avocat
Address: CNB, 180 boulevard Haussmann, 75008 Paris
Website: https: //mediateur-consommation-avocat.fr

Online dispute resolution:
Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No. 524/2013, the European Commission has set up an online dispute resolution platform, facilitating the out-of-court settlement of disputes between consumers and professionals in the European Union.
This platform can be accessed at the following address: https: //ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr.